In recent years, more and more people are highly concerned about the topic of haze. Especially in early 12 this year, the field sweeping the country 25 provinces, more than 100 large and medium cities in a wide range of fog and haze, people suddenly realize that the haze is not only Beijing's patent". Gray sky, PM2.5 burst table, anti haze masks 10493, air purifier sales, can not help but let people talk about haze pale. In the end what is the cause of the haze problem suddenly cited concern? In the face of the haze struck, what should we do to be effective protection? And how to manage it? To this end, Guangming reporter interviewed the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of earth environment, Cao Junji, asked him to do the relevant questions to answer.
Haze is highly concerned because people on the living environment and health requirements increased
Haze now covers a relatively wide range, the degree is more serious, almost everyone can feel its presence. That haze is not a new phenomenon? Why do people suddenly give a high degree of attention? I think we should understand this problem from three aspects. First, the haze is definitely not a recent emergence of, before there are, but did not get the attention like now. Past because of the air quality monitoring and haze standards, most of the time met haze, but it is classified as a fog, not as haze to look at. Meteorological department and other relevant departments also reported as fog, think it is a natural weather phenomenon, so we have not too much attention to the haze. Secondly, in recent years due to climate anomalies, emissions increase wait for a variety of reasons, haze as heat and cold this kind of extreme weather like, its strength indeed in the enhancement, pollution is indeed than before serious. This is something we all have experience greatly. Third, with the people's material conditions and living standards improve, the living environment and health requirements of the natural high. Coupled with scientific monitoring and timely reports, we are concerned about the pollution problems, including air pollution, increasing the degree of concern. So I see the fog and haze that the air pollution is very serious.
Fog and haze will affect the quality of indoor air
The fog and haze struck, stay indoors as far as possible to avoid the inhalation of fine particulate matter, but this is not absolutely safe. Because the air is fluid, flow, indoor air quality is affected by the outdoor air quality. Generally speaking, indoor air pollutant concentration is 60% to 70% of the outdoor concentration of pollutants, a little lower relative to the outdoor, exposure to low concentrations will be relatively safe. But affect indoor air quality may be affected by human activities, when the indoor air more staff, cooking fume emission, smoke gas emissions, or a new decoration furniture these indoor sources dominant effect, ventilation, promote the diffusion of indoor pollutants. So we can not generalize, stay indoors is not absolutely safe.
Air purification machine can reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants, yet to be uniform industry standards
Because of the constantly improve health requirements, many people will think of ways to try to improve the air quality in living space, so now all air purification machine or purifier is very popular. Can be said that currently on the market hot air purifier to reduce indoor pollutants is contributed, to a certain extent, reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants. But not necessarily as advertisers a whoop and a holler so magical, can solve all the problems. Air purification machine works there are many, but the most commonly used is the filter, and then add activated carbon. Filter is to filter out impurities in the air with an efficient filter, so that the air cleaner; and adding activated carbon is to eliminate the harmful gases such as formaldehyde and other harmful gases in the air. General market about 70% of the machines are used to filter the filter. But in the end what kind of machine is good, should achieve what kind of standard? So far, there is not a unified industry standards.
From the world experience, artificial rainfall eliminate haze means is not feasible
Now the Internet like artificial rainfall in some fire haze means speculation very hot, but this relies on artificial liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide to reduce air pollutants are not feasible. For example, 40s-50s of America in the 20th century's most serious photochemical pollution, their air management department dedicated to the creation of the a device like a mailbox, let the people of the world to give them ideas to solve the problem of photochemical pollution, has received nearly 10 million pieces of advice. Collected the idea really is everything: some say erecting particularly large solar energy reflector, the haze is open; some said for the bombers to blow up; some suggested that with huge chimney pollutants discharged into the soil layer above and so on. Later, a very famous meteorologist in the journal Science wrote an article said that all these artificial methods are not feasible, he used a very vivid metaphor pointed out that the pollution control "pumping" approach will only like drained the water that, is impossible to achieve.
It has also been suggested the use of "power transmission from west to East" to alleviate and reduce the pollution pressure in middle east. I think this is the cause of the formation of a lot of haze, energy structure, of course, is a very important aspect, but after all, is not all. Now most of the country has a haze problem, such as the western city of Xi'an, the problem itself is very serious haze. So this approach is feasible, but also need further proof.
Now haze problem has indeed caused a high degree of attention of the country. As we all know, China's economy has been developed to the world's second, and so serious pollution and economic sustainable development is extremely inconsistent, haze governance without delay. But in the face of such a heavy haze problem in the end how to do? In fact, there is no shortcut haze governance, the fundamental approach is still in emission reduction, must vigorously, long-term adherence to reduce pollutant emissions, from a fundamental governance, only to do so to cure. Throughout the world, such as the United States and other western developed countries are also through a process from pollution to governance, such as the London smog incident, Losangeles's photochemical smog events and so on. Britain's land area is very small, unlike us so large, relatively easy to manage. But even so, it took a lot of effort. And the United States is more similar to us, the process of industrialization in the early twentieth Century, from the beginning of the great depression, the pollution is very serious. Taking Losangeles as an example, from 1943 officially began to have a strict sense of photochemical pollution problems, until today, more than 60 years later, there is still a certain degree of excessive levels of ozone and photochemical pollution. So, it is a very long process to control the air pollution. For our country, the same is true. To develop the economy, the environment should be improved. The only way to improve the haze problem is to be very strict emission reduction, reduce pollutant emissions.
I think there are a lot of good experience in foreign governance air pollution is worthy of our reference. The first is to establish a set of very strict, perfect legal system, not only to be comprehensive, but also to be careful. Not only abide by the law, but also to abide by the laws, solidly implement; secondly, it is necessary to formulate a reasonable air quality standard of review; and finally, to do for governance, science and governance of haze of key cities and key sources of pollution. Or take the photochemical smog in Losangeles, for example, at the beginning, people have been considered to be caused by coal pollution problems, because at that time very high sulfur emissions. But by 1950s, Haagen-Smit, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, who was the father of air pollution, pointed out that it was not a problem of industrial emissions, but that it was mainly caused by motor vehicle emissions. From then on, for motor vehicle emission control, has experienced decades to develop a similar to the European I, Europe II, Europe III, Europe IV and other gradually strict standards, so that the problem of air pollution has been continuously improved. From the experience of the United States, only focusing on the city and the main source of pollution control can effectively improve the situation of air pollution. So for the haze of governance, my personal advice is long-term persistence do emission reduction and management of heaven pollution can only rely on more solid emission reduction work, no other shortcuts.
(bright network intern reporter Yue Jinglin interview)